Surprise has been a key element of warfare since ancient times, from the wars recounted in the Bible to the writings of Greek historians. Warring parties have long invested resources in disguising their intentions. Notable examples of surprise attacks include the Trojan Horse, the German invasion of the Soviet Union (June 22, 1941), the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941), and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The most recent major surprise was October 7, 2023 Hamas attack on Israeli settlements, leading to the Gaza conflict. This lecture will explore why military surprises occur, why they succeed, and what factors contribute to their effectiveness. It will also address the prerequisites for preventing surprise attacks and why some nations excel at surprise warfare. Space is limited to allow for discussion.

Edward Shapiro, Ph.D., earned his doctoral degree in history from Harvard University and taught American history at Seton Hall University for three decades. He is the author of several books on American Jewish history, including A Time for Healing and Crown Heights, and has lectured across the U.S., Europe, and Israel.

"Brilliant in his discipline, and encourages you to truly think by the way he presents." OLLI Patron